Additive Nano-Lithography with Focused Soft X-rays: Basics, Challenges, and Opportunities

ALS-U: Solving Scientific Challenges with Coherent Soft X-Rays

Soft-x-ray projection lithography

Soft-x-ray projection imaging is demonstrated by the use of 14-nm radiation from a laser plasma source and a single-surface multilayer-coated ellipsoidal condenser. Aberrations in the condenser and the Schwarzschild imaging objective are characterized and correlated with imaging performance. A new Schwarzschild housing, designed for improved alignment stability, is described.

Probing nucleobase photoprotection with soft x-rays

Nucleobases absorb strongly in the ultraviolet region, leading to molecular excitation into reactive states. The molecules avoid the photoreactions by funnelling the electronic energy into less reactive states on an ultrafast timescale via non-BornOppenheimer dynamics. Current theory on the nucleobase thymine discusses two conflicting pathways for the photoprotective dynamics. We present our fi...

Islam; Challenges and Opportunities

Undoubtedly Islamic Revolution of Iran has been the source of Islamic awakening in the middle-east. Therefore Islamic Republic of Iran plays the role of an example and a director of political developments in the region. Islamic awakening in Arab countries has been able to question the dominant discourse of dictators in the middle-east region and topple their regimes. These developments include ...

Imaging of micro- and nano-structures with hard X-rays

Imaging of microand nano-structures of opaque samples is demonstrated using hard X-rays. Two different methods are employed with an instrument recently built at the beamline 34 ID-C at the Advanced Photon Source. In-line phase contrast micro-imaging has been performed with highly coherent radiation. For the characterisation of structures as small as 50 nm, a hard X-ray microscope has been built...